Yusuf ibn

Introduction Yusuf ibn-Ayyub Salah-al-Din (commonly known as Saladin) stands apart as the single most prominent figure in the history of the Middle East. Because of his exploits in the Crusades, Saladin is perceived as the chief â€Å"hero† of the Crusades by both his Islamic side and the Christian side. Saladin was able to establish a strong dynasty and lead his army to victory against the Crusaders. This paper will set out to discuss Saladin with emphasis on his military expeditions, and his encounters with the crusaders.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Yusuf ibn-Ayyub Salah-al-Din specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Early Life Saladin was Born in the village of Tirkik, Mesopotamia (modern day Iraq) in the year 1137 to a prominent and influential Kurdish family from the area. A few years after his birth, his family immigrated to Aleppo (which is modern day Syria). Saladin grew up in modern day Syria and he was an avid scholar of the Islamic religion. He embarked on religious studies until the age of 18 when he was appointed deputy to his uncle, Asad Ad-Din Shirkuh, who served as a military governor for Nur al Din, the emir of Syria (Grossman 303). Early Expeditions Saladin’s first military expeditions were carried out in the north of Egypt under his uncle Shirkuh’s command. Saladin engaged in a military expedition in support of Shawar, the caliph of Egypt, who had been driven out of Egypt by powerful local lords. Shawar had asked for help from Nur al Din to regain his position as Fatimid in Egypt. This military campaign was a success and Shawar was able to defeat his rivals and reestablish himself as Fatimid. Following this victory, Saladin and his uncle remained in Egypt to represent the interest of the Syrian Emir. Shawar was opposed to the presence of Syrian forces in Egypt and this led to his falling out with Saladin’s uncle. As a result, Shirkurh and Saladin engaged in military expeditions against Shawar. Shirkurh commanded four military expeditions into Egypt to fight against the Fatimid and the local lords who were resisting Syria’s over-lordship (Grossman, 303). These rebellious local rulers were acting with the support of the Crusaders in the Holy Land who also feared Syria’s overlords. With Saladin’s help, Shirkuh carried out military expeditions against these local rulers as well as the caliph of Egypt therefore establishing Egypt as a Syrian stronghold. Shirkuh’s death in 1169 gave Saladin a chance to become the head of Syrian forces in Egypt. Saladin’s Personality Historians record that Saladin was serious and contemplative by nature. In his early years, he was not enthusiastic about the military expeditions by his uncle but took on active fighting roles during the invasion of Fatimid Cairo. He established himself as a courageous soldier and a brilliant strategist. Saladin was a just ruler and he was often personally involved in the grievances brought forward by his subjects.Advertising Looking for essay on ancient history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Gibb documents that in reaction to the abuses carried out by his governors and officers, Saladin issued decrees prohibiting illegal taxes and other oppressive practices against his subjects (48). Saladin’s justice can further be demonstrated by his decision to spare all the Christian inhabitants of Jerusalem even though his army was far superior to the Christian forces and he could have destroyed them if he wanted to (Byfield 73). Saladin was a modest person, owing to his religious background. He wore simple clothes and he treated the men of religion with whom he regularly associated himself with as colleagues in spite of the fact that he was the Sultan. However, he commanded great discipline among his subjects and did not condone unruliness. Byfield states that Saladin has an instinct for iron discipline and when his Sudanese guards were accused of being disloyal to him, he massacred them (74). Rioters in Cairo were hanged and the unruly Bedouin Arabs were engaged in battle under Saladin’s command. Saladin’s Mission in Syria, Egypt and Palestine Nicolle observes that Saladin’s prominence began when he took on the role of Nur al Din’s governor in Egypt (15). As the governor of Egypt, Saladin set out to change the official faith of the country from Shi’a to Sunni effectively abolishing the Fatamid caliphate in Egypt. The conversion of Egypt from Sunni to Shiite was very significant since it made it bridged the division that Syria and Egypt had had for centuries because of religions considerations. Saladin also embarked on an ambitious recruitment effort for a new army that would be loyal to himself and not the Fatimid Caliph who had died in 1171. At the same time, Saladin tried to foster loyalty to him self instead of Nur al Din, the Emir of Syria under whom he served. When Nur al Din died in 1174, he was succeeded by his ten-year-old son. In the months following the Emir’s death, Saladin marched from Egypt with his loyal army, took over Syria, and proclaimed himself Sultan of the vast territory (Byfield 74). Saladin ventured into Palestine in 1177 following the breakdown of the truce with the Crusaders. He hoped to recover some of the territory that the Crusaders had taken and establish a Muslim stronghold in Palestine. War against the Crusaders Saladin’s first engagement with the crusaders was in 1170 when he tried to capture the southernmost fort of Jerusalem. This early efforts were unsuccessful and the Crusading knights were able to rebuff Saladin’s forces. A truce was signed and this fragile peace deal was able to last for a decade.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Yusuf ibn-Ayyub Salah-al-Din specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The fragile truce lasted until 1180 when the Frankish Prince Reynald of Chatillon attacked Holy Muslim cities of Mecca and Medina. In retaliation to these attacks by Prince Reynald, Saladin vowed to vanquish the Christian forces and execute Reynald for his action against the Muslims. Saladin’s victory over Frankish forces at Hattin is regarded as one of the most spectacular in military history. He was able to defeat the Frankish knights in the battlefield and force them to abandon their quest to free the Holy Land from the Muslims. Having destroyed the Christian army, Saladin continued to seize the remaining Christian strongholds. In a few months, Saladin was able to launch an attack against Jerusalem. His attempts at breaching the walls of the City of Jerusalem using siege engines was thwarted by Christian defenders who protected the city. However, the Christian force was weak and they therefore bargained for a peaceful surrender wi th Saladin. Following this surrender, Saladin was able to seize Jerusalem on October 2, 1187. The Third Crusade was prompted by the great defeat of the second Crusade by Saladin in 1187. On hearing the news of how Saladin had decimated the Christian army, Richard I (popularly referred to as Richard the Lion Hearted) declared that he was staging a Third Crusade to recover Jerusalem. In the first clash between Saladin and Richard the Lion-Hearted, Saladin’s Army was defeated. A serious of battles continued with Richard pressing Saladin’s forces until they withdrew to Damascus. The Ayyubid Dynasty Saladin founded the Ayyubid dynasty and established Egypt as its power base. This dynasty was able to survive though to the 13th century. As the governor of Egypt, Saladin was able to establish an Ayyubid army that was solely loyal to him. With this Egyptian Ayyubid army, Saladin set out to expand his empire first in Egypt, and then next to Syria where the Emir had died. This ex pansion missions were successful and Saladin was able to establish himself as the ruler of vast territory in the Middle East. The Death of Saladin Saladin died in 1193 after a period of brief illness. By his death, he had succeeded in creating a vast and strong Dynasty that would last for over a century. Historians record that because of his irresistible impulse for giving; he did not even have enough money left to pay for his funeral when he died since his vast wealth had been given to his poor subjects. Saladin was buried by his subjects in a magnificent tomb in Damascus with an inscription reading, â€Å"Oh mighty God, let his soul be acceptable to thee† (Grossman 304). Following Saladin’s death, his brother al Adil took over the leadership of the Dynasty. Conclusion This paper set out to provide an informative discussion on Yusuf Ibn Ayyub, who was one of the most fascinating personalities in the history of the Middle Ages. The paper has highlighted Saladin’ s early life and his early military expeditions. It has highlighted that through warfare and diplomacy, Saladin was able to bring Egypt into harmony with the Syrian government. However, this great figure will always be remembered for his military conquest against the Frankish Knights and the seizing the Holy City of Jerusalem.Advertising Looking for essay on ancient history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Works Cited Byfield, Ted. A Glorious Disaster: A.D. 1100 to 1300: The Crusades: Blood, Valor, Iniquity, Reason, Faith. New York: Christian History Project, 2008. Print. Gibb, Hamilton. The Life of Saladin. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973. Print. Grossman, Mark. World Military Leaders: A Biographical Dictionary. Boston: Infobase Publishing, 2007. Print. Nicolle, David. Saladin and the Saracens: Armies of the Middle East 1000-1300. London: Reed International Books, 1986. Print. This essay on Yusuf ibn-Ayyub Salah-al-Din was written and submitted by user Alexzander H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

muic essays

muic essays . (1988) "The Household Responsibility System Reform in China's Agricultural Reform: A Theoretical and Empirical Study." Economic Development and Cultural Change 36(3, supplement) (April): S199-S224. Lin, J.Y. (1989) "An Economic Theory of Institutional Change: Induced and Imposed Change." Cato Journal 9(1) (Spring/Summer 1989): 1-33. Lin, J.Y. (1992) "Rural Reforms and Agricultural Growth in China." American Economic Review 82(1) (March): 34-51. Lin, J.Y.; Cai, F.; and Li, Z. (1994) The China Miracle: Development Strategy and Economic Development. Chinese ed., Shanghai: People's Publishing House and Shanghai Sanlian Sudian. (English ed., Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1996). Lipton, D., and Sachs, J. (1990) "Privatization in Eastern Europe: The Case of Poland." Brookings Papers on Economic Activities, No. 2: 293-341. Luo, H.X. (1985) Economic Changes in Rural China. Beijing: New World Press. McKinnon, R.I. (1994) "Gradual versus Rapid Liberalization in Socialist Economies: Financial Policies and Macroeconomic Stability in China and Russia Compared." In Proceedings of the World Bank Annual Conference on Development Economics 1993: 63-94. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. McMillan, J., and Naughton, B. (1992) "How to Reform a Planned Economy: Lessons from China." Oxford Review of Economic Policy 8(1) (Spring): 130-143. McMillan, J.; Whalley, J.; and Zhu, L.J. (1989) "The Impact of China's Economic Reforms on Agricultural Productivity Growth." Journal of Political Economy 97(4) (August): 781- 807. Murphy, K.; Schleifer, A and Vishny, R. (1992) "The Transition to a Market Economy: Pitfall of Partial Reform." Quarterly Journal of Economics 107(3) (August): 889-906. Murrel, P., and Wang, Y.J. (1993) "When Privatization Should Be Delayed: The Effect of Communist Legacies on Organizational and Institutional Reforms." Journal of Comparative Economics 17(2) (June): 385-406. Newbery, D.M. (1993) "Transform...

Performance and Reward Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Performance and Reward Management - Assignment Example ure individual, group and organizational goals are understood, focused on main objectives of that organization and are connected to the drivers of results. In other words, drive the results is the desire of the employees to meet and exceed the organizational objectives and targets and to improve one’s own performance.  It is about wanting to improve the performance and calculating risk taking in the interest of improving the entire organizational performance. To engage and retain talented employees, the organization should provide them with the professional development. This can be done through motivational and reward strategies, challenging tasks and other learning initiatives that bring the career achievement and thus job satisfaction. Whether the performance management process is inconsistent, managers within certain organization should realize that lack of personal and professional development of employees will lead to the reduction of their productivity. This growing talent, as the other purpose of performance management, is essential for the organizations to succeed in their activities. To achieve data on the performance of an employee, one should track the staff’s activities against business objectives and reward one’s activities or improve the performance. It is also important to identify promising talent within certain organization and ensure right people are promoted to the appropriate positions, as it will stimulate others to achieve better results and for the organization it means better image and lower employee turnover. In order to ensure the performance management process to be effective, managers should assimilate the process and then apply it properly. For this purpose it is vital to realize in what direction one should move and thus to develop a strategic plan in the performance management process. The effective organizational plan will be composed when measurable goals are established. They will align to the organizational strategic and

Case Analysis on Ryan Air Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Case Analysis on Ryan Air - Essay Example The Ireland-UK market was Ryanair’s initial target market, which it successfully managed to capture. By 2003, however, its route system had expanded to serve 86 destinations on 133 routes across 16 different countries. The heart of Ryanair’s current strategy is based on providing no frills service with low fares designed to stimulate demand, particularly from budget conscious leisure and business travelers who might otherwise have used alternative forms of transportation or who might not have travelled at all. Another strategic position adopted is Ryanair’s point-to-point short haul flights. Ryanair chooses to fly to regional airports rather than the larger national airports due to the favorable cost terms received. This facilitates the passing of low fares and has the added bonus of being less congested therefore aiding in flight punctuality. This offers convenience to clients, especially those constantly undertaking business trips, in terms of time and cost. The possession of both Regional and secondary airports is another current strategy. Airport charges include: Landing fees, loading fees, aircraft parking fees and noise charges. By acquiring regional and secondary airports, Ryanair is able to reduce these fees. This is because these airports are less congested and are anxious to increase their passenger output. The external environment refers to the factors that are out of control of the firm. These are factors tat the firm cannot be able to control could be because of market forces among other reasons. The external environment within which a business operates has a great influence on its mode and extent of its operations. The PESTEL framework (Appendix A) categorizes environmental influence into six main types: Political, Economic, Social and Technological, Environmental and Legal (Johnson and Scholes, 2002). Focusing on the Political environment, there has been

Labor Unions Power, Past and Present Research Proposal

Labor Unions Power, Past and Present - Research Proposal Example This observation is illustrated by many critics amid facts that American educational system is ailing and in serious crisis. Researcher will review studies on labor union and contextualized it with a specific high school in San Antonio, Texas. It will also delve how union affected the group of teachers that are affiliated with Reserve Training center as well as propose how to strategize teachers’ union performance to optimize its roles, values, and morals toward genuine education development to partly contribute in resolving the national crisis in education. Researcher will make use of narrative and positivist interpretivism in unraveling the issue at hand using secondary resources from journals, books and online websites. Towards the end, the researcher will also present some recommendations relating to teachers’ union performance management to uphold quality education. In so doing, researcher will also take into account opinions of staunch critics of the labor union w hich perceived teachers union as monolithic for espousing self-interest and thus they advocated about improving the educational system by relinquishing it from the reign of teachers’ union control (Moe, 2006). ... In 1885 to 1886, municipal legislation for labor rights was seriously considered by lawmakers. Their first raging demand was to enjoy an 8-hour job and just compensation. The achievement of major feat is commemorated annually in Labor Day celebration as tribute for those who have contributed for the well-being of American laborers (Isaac and Griffin, 1989). Many of these rights and welfare of century of struggles are now reflected in the annals of legislation and state policies relating to labor. The labor laws basically aimed at affording protection to workers’ full employment and equal opportunities regardless of sex, race and creed as well as provide regulation of employee and workers relations. After centuries of struggle, labor forces recently are increasingly concern on protecting their rights either founded on constitutional principles, ideological influence or institutional motivations. This is because the country, which has evolved into a multi-ethnic and multicultura l nation, is molded with social structures and practices that are sometimes contrary to workers’ rights or are threatening its welfare. As the civilization evolved, economic borders expand and system complicates, there are historical conjectures which polarized labor union movement and consequentially resulted to emergence of new alliances. This implies serious understanding about the motivations that caused division: self-interest, institutional, or by principles. Some sociologist perceived that although there were leaders of federation of union that are either ideologically and were equipped with organizational expansion but whose management were

Male Lung Cancer Patients Social Support and Death Anxiety

Male Lung Cancer Patients Social Support and Death Anxiety Rajput Nitu Abstract One of the major challenges faced by India is the rapid growth of lung cancer and its divesting impact upon human life. The lung cancer patients suffering from severe death anxiety and also needs a lot of social support. The present investigation has been undertaken in order to study the social support and death anxiety of lung cancer patients in relation to age. Purposive sample was used to select lung cancer patients from civil hospital in the city of Ahmadabad. The total sample size was of 90 male populations, which were divided into two groups. The first group was 60 lung cancer patients, who were divided into two age groups 31 to 40 and 41 to 50 years age groups. The second group was on 30 normal subjects who were also divided two age groups 31 to 41 and 41 to 50 year’s age groups. PGI social support scale and death anxiety scale were used for data collection. The t test technique was adopted for data analysis, t was found for difference between normal subject and lung ca ncer patients. The study found that there was significant difference between lung cancer patients and normal population in social support and death anxiety. It was found that there was no significant difference between 31 to 40 and 41 to 50 years lung cancer patient age groups. Lung cancer patients suffering from more death anxiety and they receive more social support compared than normal population. Social support and death anxiety of male lung cancer patients in relation to age. Lung cancer has become one of the leading causes of cancer deaths in developed countries and is also rising at an alarming rate in developing countries. Despite the advances made in diagnosis and treatment in the last few decades, the prognosis of lung cancer is still very poor (Parsons, 2010).The most common cause of lung cancer is long-term exposure to tobacco smoke (Merck Manual Professional Edition â€Å"lung carcinoma tumors of the lung, 2007). Lung cancer forms in tissues of the lung, usually in the cells lining air passages (U.S. National Cancer Institute, 2010). Projection estimates from the WHO has shown that by the year 2030, cancer will account for 12% of deaths in India (WHO, 2010). Cancer pain is not a purely physical experience but involves complex aspects of human functioning, including personality, affect, cognition, and behavior, coping and social relations. Research on psychological factors influencing cancer pain has focused on two main areas: Psychological distre ss and pain coping. Numerous Studies have examined the relationship between cancer pain and various forms of psychological distress. Social Support Social support may be viewed as a part of the coping process in living with a chronic strain such as a chronic illness like cancer (Thoits, 1986). Consequently, the chronic strain/psychological adjustment relationships is likely to be mediated by moderator variables such as social support (Katz and Vami, 1993). Social supports are commonly defined as function performed for an individual under stress by significant others such as family members, friends, or professionals (Nelles, 1991). Rose (1990) determined the dimensions and characteristics of components of support functions in 64 non hospitalized adult cancer patients. They showed distinctiveness of primary network members by their overall preference for tangible aid from family, for modeling from friends who had cancer, and for open communications and clarifications from health professionals. Family and friends were equally preferred for dealing with affective reactions to the stressfulness of cancer. Houston and Kendall (1992) e xamined this aspect by studying patients with lung cancer. They found that patients who are encouraged to and permitted to verbalize their feelings by a friend or staff who is interested in, empathetic, and non-judgmental are better able to overcome feelings of anxiety and fear, and they progress through the stages of the illness process easily. Ell (1992) examined the relationship between social relationships and social support and survival following a first diagnosis of breast, colon, or lung cancer in 294 patients. Results suggest that the emotional support provided by the primary network members was a critical factor explaining the relationship between indicators of social relationship and mortality. Rose (1993) measures the processes and outcomes of emotional support in interactions between adult cancer patients and health providers. Emotional support processes were assesses as desired support, received support, and congruence. The older patients were found to expect intimacy a s the most important, whereas the younger patients felt that being able to ventilate their feelings was the most important. In addition, the older patients received less emotional support from providers than did middle -aged patients, but younger patients were more inclined than the other 2 groups to feel that the emotional support they received was not congruent with support they desired. Aymanns (1995) studied the interrelationships between the coping behaviors of 169 cancer patients and perceived amount and adequacy of family support, as well as the role of these factors in predicting psychosocial adjustment to cancer. Survey data suggested that cognitive strategies of coping may be more effective in mobilizing family support than behavioral strategies. Klein (1994) explored the relationship of daily hassles demand of illness, and social support to the psychosocial adjustment of people with newly diagnosed, primary lung cancer. It was found that the participants report relatively high social support, low hassles, moderately low demand of illness, and positive adjustment. Death Anxiety Patients with cancer experience the approaching of death, which increases their fear of dying and the intensity of suffering. Cancer carries the threat of death and during the stage in which they may be approaching their last days; patients can experience the approach of death with increased fear of dying and fear of increasing pain intensity. Studies have attempted to explore the components of death anxiety. Adelbratt and Strang, (2000) studied death anxiety among 20 patients with brain tumors and 15 of their next of kin. Death anxiety has been analyzed with reference to various socio-demographic factors and most frequently with age. Tsai, (2004) conducted a study in 224 patients with terminal cancers admitted to the Palliative Care Unit. The severity of death fear decreased gradually in both groups after being admitted to the hospice. However, the elderly (≠¥ 65 years of age) displayed higher levels of death fear than the younger group at two days before death. A significant n egative correlation was observed between the degree of death fear and the total good death score in both groups at two days before. The relationship between death anxiety and other personal factors were examined in some of the studies. Grumman and Spiegel, (2003) conducted a study among twelve cancer patients to determine their approach towards death anxiety. The results indicated the presence of significant death anxiety among the subjects. It was also reported that they were troubled by unresolved issues and higher anxiety and pain. The majority of the subjects expressed a desire to actively discuss their impending death and more than half of the patients reported being afraid of death and high death anxiety was associated with fear of dying in pain, high peak or usual pain, unresolved issues, and difficulty in parting with family in death. Most subjects experienced their religious faith as an important source of comfort and strength.In some of the studies, death anxiety was found to be related to affective factors such as anxiety and depression Mystakidou, (2005) reported significant correlation between death anxiety depression and anxiety among terminally ill cancer patients. On the whole, the studies suggest that death anxiety is related to age, state of illness, and other affective components such as anxiety and depression, fear of being separated from significant others indicating the possible existence of an affective network related to death anxiety. Method Sample: The sample size of this study was 90 male subjects. Subjects were divided into two groups. The fist groups was experimental groups which included 60 male lung cancer patients, and the second groups was control groups which consisted of 30 normal and physically fit male. Male lung cancer patients and normal male subjects will be sub-divided into two age groups :- (1) 31 to 40 years age groups. (2) 41 to 50 years age groups. Out which 31 to 40 years 30 male lung cancer patients and 41 to 50 years 30 male lung cancer. Research Design: The general objective of present study is to find the significant difference between social support and death anxiety of lung cancer patients and normal subjects. In particular, t was found difference between social support and death anxiety of normal subject and lung cancer patients. t will also be found for difference in means between the two age groups. Research Tools: P.G.I social support questionnaire (SSQ):- social support questionnaire constructed and standardized by (Dr. Ritu Nehra, Dr. Parmanand Kulhara, and Dr. Santosh K. Verma, 1998). Thakur death anxiety scale (TDAS):- Death anxiety scale constructed and standardized by(Giridhar Prasad and Manju Thakur, 1984). Both SSQ and TDAS test provide consistent, reliable and valid scores. Research Procedure: The above mentioned two scales were administered on the selected sample of lung cancer patients and normal subjects. Some personal information was also collected with bio-data sheet prepared for the same purpose. After establishing rapport with each lung cancer patients and normal persons respectively and Social Support Scale and death anxiety scale were administered in Individual setting, scoring of eachtool was done by the scoring key of each tool. After respondent completed answered the test, it was checked whether all the items were answered completely. Scoring and interpretation was done using the standard scoring key given in test manual. In particular, t was found difference between social support and death anxiety of normal subject and lung cancer patients. t will also be found for difference in means between the two age groups. After the discussion the result were summarized and concluded according to the design of research study. Result: Table no .1 The mean of social support of lung cancer patients and normal subject’s were 49.75, 37.87 and SD 7.48, 5.10. The obtained‘t’ value is 8.86 significant at 0.01 levels. Hence it is concluded that lung cancer patients and normal subjects have significant difference to level of social support. The above table shows that lung cancer patients receive more social support compared than normal subjects. The mean of social support of 31 to 40 and 41 to 50 years lung cancer patients were 51.2, 48.3 and SD 7.80, 6.9. The obtained’t’ value is 1.53 no significant at 0.01 levels. Hence it is concluded that 31to 40 and 41 to 50 years lung cancer patients have no significant difference to level of social support. The above table shows there is a no significant difference between the mean scores of two age groups on social support. The mean of death anxiety of lung cancer patients and normal subject’s were 57.92, 46.03 and SD 6.73, 10.48. The obtained‘tâ €™ value is 5.69 significant at 0.01 levels. Hence it is concluded that lung cancer patients and normal subjects have significant difference to level of death anxiety. The above table shows that lung cancer patients are suffer more death anxiety compared than normal subjects and there is a significant difference between the mean scores of cancer patients and normal subjects on death anxiety. The mean of death anxiety of 31 to 40 and 41 to 50 years lung cancer patients were 59.86, 55.97 and SD 6.22, 6.67. The obtained’t’ value is 2.32 significant at 0.01 levels. Hence it is concluded that 31to 40 and 41 to 50 years lung cancer patients have significant difference to level of death anxiety. The above table shows there is significant difference between the mean scores of two age groups on death anxiety. Discussion: From the results obtained in the present study it is found that there is a significant difference between social support of lung cancer patients and normal person. The study clearly portrays that the cancer patients receive more social support more than normal persons. These people require someone to sit with them, listen to their expression of feeling and thoughts. Weismen and wortman (1975) found that emotional support was helpful when it came from family members and they also found that social support at the time of diagnosis was associated with less emotional distress and longer duration of life. Moreover, sharing cancer experiences with other group members has positive effects, as participating in the group helps to develop effective coping strategies and improves emotional adaptation (Spiegel, 1981). Till the twentieth century, most patients with cancer were cared for by their families. By the 1930, cancer began to receive wider attention from the medical research community and soon several national cancer society’s by professionals came into existence. In the US, training of social workers for assistance of patients with cancer provided the first professional discipline devoted to the care of the psychosocial issues of patients with cancer. It is also found that there is no significant difference between social support of 31 to 40 years and 41 to 50 years lung cancer patients. There is significant difference between death anxiety of lung cancer patients and normal parsons. Tolor(1989) see the relationship between subjective life expectancy, death anxiety and general anxiety patients with cancer experience the approaching of death , which the intensity of suffering cancer carries the threat of death and during the stage in which they may be approaching their last days. Age difference on death anxiety found that 31 to 40 year’s lung cancer patients significantly high death anxiety than 41 to 50 year’s lung cancer patients. Thorson and Powel, (1998) emphasized age difference in death Anxiety. Study conducted in elder and younger women diagnosed with breast cancer to know the effect of age difference on death anxiety found that younger women had significantly high death anxiety. The element of death anxiety was of principal concern to the younger women. On the whole, the studies suggest that death anxiety is related to age, state of illness, and other affective components such as anxiety and depression, fear of being separated from significant others indicating the possible existence of an affective network related to death anxiety. REFERENCES Adelbratt, S., Strang. (2000). Death anxiety in brain tumor patients and their spouse.Palliative Medicine.14(6), 499-507.Retrieved from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/. Aymans P, Filipp SH, Klauer T (1995), Family Support and Coping with Cancer:Some determinants and adaptive correlates. Special Issue: Psychology and Health,British fournalofSocial Psychology,34(1),107-124. Blanchard CG,Albrecht TL, Ruckdeschel J.C, et a1 (1995), The role of social support in adaptation to cancer and to survival. Special issue: Psychosocial Resources Available in Cancer Studies: Conceptual and Measurement Issues.10urnal of Psychosocial Oncology13(1-3):75-95. Bloom JR(1982), Social Support, Accommodation to Stress and Compas BE, Worsham NL, EyS,and Howell DC(1996),When Mom or Dad has Cancer:II. Coping, Cognitive Appraisals, and Psychological Distress in Children of Cancer Patients. Journal of Health Psychology,15(3:167–175. Gurowka KJ, and ES (1995), Supportive and Unsupportive Interactions as perceived by Cancer Patients. Social Work in Health Care, 21(4);71–88. Henrichs MH and Schmale AH (1993) Principles of Psvchosocial Oncology. In-Cancer:Principles and practice of Oncologv. ~ditedby De Vita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg. 4h edition, Phladelphia: J.B. Lippincott. Houston SJ and Kendall JA (1992), Psychosocial Implications of Lung Cancer.Nurses Clinics ofNorth America,27(3):681–690. Katz ER and VarniJW(1993), Social Support and Social Cognitive Problem-Solving in Children with Newlv diagnosed Cancer.CANCERSupplement, 71 (10):3314–3319. Klemm PR (1994), Variables Influencing Psychosocial Adjustment in Lung Cancer: A Prelinlinary Study.Oncology Nursing Forum,21(6):1059–1062. Mor V, Allen S, and Malin M (1994), The Psvchosocial Jmpact of Cancer on Older Vs Younger Patients and their ~amiiiesC.ancer Supplement,74(7): 2118-2126. Nelles WB, McCaffrey RJ, Blanchard CG, and Ruckdeschel JC (1991), Social Supports and Breast Cancer: A Review.oztrnal of PsychosocialOncology,9(2). Rose JH (1990), Social Support and Cancer: Adult patients desire for support from family, friends and health professionals.American Iournal ofConzmunity Psychology,18(3):439–436. Thoits PA(1986),Social support as coping assistance.]ournu1 of Consulting Clinical Psychology,54;416–423. Wortman C and Conway TL(1985),The role of social support in adaptation and recovery from physical illness. In Social Support and Health (edited by C:hen S and Syme L)(281302),Orlando,FL:Academic Press

Communication and Conflict Resolution :: Interpersonal Communication Essays

Today many people still lack on the ability to communicate effectively within interpersonal relationships. It is through teamwork and collaboration that effective communication occurs. By analyzing and studying the communication process we can improve our ability to communicate effectively between one another. To have a successful interpersonal relationship one must first interact with others, which is called interpersonal communication (Hybels & Weaver pg.156). Recognizing emotions in other is a very important first step for building a relationship. If you can’t feel what someone else is feeling then you can’t connect with them on a personal level and that can hinder your relationship process. Interpersonal communication is important because of the purpose to achieve. Whenever we want to keep in communication with another person, we try share ideas and feelings. Also we can give information through a wide variety of verbal and non-verbal cues. Verbal communication has huge effects on many aspects of life, including interpersonal relationships. Communication with others verbally or non-verbally is a necessity for daily life. Verbal communication is organized by language; non-verbal communication is not. Most of us spend working hours communicating our knowledge, thoughts, and ideas with others. On the other hand, most of us don’t to realize that a great deal of our communication is of a non-verbal form as opposite to the oral and written reports. Non-verbal communication includes facial expressions, eye contact, tone of voice, body posture and motions, and positioning within groups. It may also include the way we wear dress or how quiet we are. Person-to-person communications our thoughts are set on different levels simultaneously. If the nonverbal cues and the spoken message are strange, the flow of communication is stuck. Right or wrong, the receiver of the communication tends to base the intentions of the sender on the non- verbal cues one receives. Before a person makes an effort to form an interpersonal relationship they must decide what attracted them about this person and why they want to have the relationship. There are many factors that make up attraction to others. Physical attraction, perceived gain, similarities, differences, and proximity are some of them (Hybels and Weaver, 2007). Most people are attracted to others because of the way they look, same personality and same education. Some people might have different characteristics that one might be attracted too. If a person is not attracted to your appearance they are mostly not come up and have a conversation with you.

Is the Philippines Truly Free Essay

In terms of fashion, culture and economy, however, we cannot say the same. The Filipinos still suffer from colonial mentality. Music, fashion, customs and tradition and products of foreign countries, especially the so-called stateside, are still being patronized by most Filipinos, especially the youth who unabashedly mimic foreign singers, artists, including their lifestyles not minding to spend lots of money just to be â€Å"in† with these foreign idols. Thousands of Pinoys are also dying to migrate to other countries. As a member of the Filipino youth of today I believe that I can somehow make the Philippines truly free by reversing the above negative attitudes. First, I will start from myself. I will think, talk and act like a true Filipino. I will live by the Filipino values like being polite and courteous, using â€Å"po†, â€Å"opo†, respect my parents, the elders and be fair to all. I will patronize Filipino made products so we can save the dollars of our country. I will visit and encourage visit to the local tourist spots. I shall lead by example by taking care of the environment. I will recycle plastics and use biodegradable trash as organic fertilizer. By doing so, we can boost our country’s economy and awaken the sense of nationalism in each and every Filipino. Not only will our country be appreciated by our fellow Filipinos, but also by foreigners locally and internationally. Lastly, I will keep myself informed of the current social and national issues so I can express my views thereon. I will encourage the youth to do the same so we can preserve the democracy in our country alive and help it move forward.

APA and MLA Style Guides

APA and MLA Style Guides APA and MLA Style Guides APA and MLA Style Guides By Maeve Maddox Research is a messy business. Even when the object of the research is as limited as looking for a car or renting a house, materials accumulate: newspaper and magazine clippings, brochures, envelopes and bits of paper with names, prices, phone numbers and dates of availability jotted on them. Keeping track of these materials can be a nuisance, but for the shopper, once the desired transaction has been completed, all the source material may be discarded. Academic or scientific research intended to result in a written presentation is a different matter. All of the notes, clippings, and online documents consulted during the course of the research must be organized and presented in such a way that anyone who wishes to verify the findings may do so. That’s where the APA and MLA guidelines come in. They provide writers of research papers a systematic way to organize and present information gathered in the course of their investigations. APA = American Psychological Association (Amazon link) MLA = Modern Language Association (Amazon link) Students need to know at the outset whether they will be using MLA or APA. They can save time by recording their sources in the appropriate format for in-text citations and the bibliography. A citation is a reference quoted in the text of the research paper. A bibliography is a list of books and other source materials used in writing the research paper. It follows the text. Unlike professional scholars, who may decide for themselves which guide to use, students writing a paper for a school assignment depend upon their teachers to specify which guide to follow. Teachers of art, history, language, literature, music, philosophy or religion will most likely recommend MLA. Teachers of biology, math, health, journalism, or psychology may specify APA. APA- and MLA-formatted papers have slightly different appearances. An APA paper includes an abstract at the front; MLA does not. Long quotations are indented differently. The list of sources at the end is headed â€Å"References† in APA and â€Å"† in MLA. Sources are formatted a little differently. For example, APA emphasizes publication date: MLA According to Pernoud and Clin, â€Å"the chivalric rules of previous centuries had fallen into disuse† (194). APA According to Pernoud and Clin (1986), â€Å"the chivalric rules of previous centuries had fallen into disuse† (194). Both guides stress the importance of avoiding plagiarism by crediting ideas to sources. Both address the topic of suitable expression, but APA goes into more detail than MLA in specifying vocabulary perceived to be offensive. APA format was designed for researchers in the field of psychology. The emphasis is on such sources as technical reports, proceedings of meetings, and dissertations. Its format addresses the inclusion of extra materials (addenda) such as charts and questionnaires. MLA was designed for the study of the products of creative thought. It provides numerous examples of how to cite books, anthologies, audiovisual material, (including motion pictures), and sources like interviews, advertisements, websites, and cartoons. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Book Reviews category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:60 Synonyms for â€Å"Walk†15 Great Word Games7 Sound Techniques for Effective Writing

Classroom Essays

Classroom Essays Classroom Essay Classroom Essay Twenty-seven years of neo-conservative, corporatist economic policy has gutted the United States from within, bringing the nation to the brink of a collapse that will destroy democracy and replace it with an economic, imperialist kind of corporate and theocratic fascism. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the nation’s public schools. Thomas Jefferson fervently believed that a well-educated middle class was vital to the survival of democracy, which is something that Reagan conservatives knew all to well. Since 1980, there has been an unrelenting attack on the middle-class by a moneyed oligarchy that is determined to reduce a once powerful and much admired nation to the status of a third-rate banana republic where a few wealthy families live in luxury inside of walled enclaves by sucking the life-blood out of a huge, impoverished population of peasants. Nowhere have they been more successful in tearing down democracy than in the public schools. In her book, Inside Mrs. B’s Classroom, Leslie Baldacci – who in 1999 left a secure, prestigious position at the Chicago Sun-Times (now little more than a corporate propaganda mouthpiece for the Bush Administration, like most of today’s mainstream media) to teach in one of the â€Å"toughest† schools in   a severely impoverished inner-city neighbourhood. Ms. Baldacci, not surprisingly, was unaware of the neo-con agenda and political and economic machinations behind the nation’s educational crisis, but she could clearly see, and was an expert on the results – which are typical of any hyper-capitalist society that relentlessly steals wealth from those who work for it and hand it over to a bloated, predatory â€Å"investor† class. After years of calling upon civic leaders to do something about the problem, she decided to roll up her sleeves and do something about it herself, becoming a classroom teacher. Like many who go into the teaching profession today, she was motivated by admirable – if naà ¯ve – ideals and expectations. What she discovered is that her â€Å"classroom was just one deck chair on the Titanic†(2004, 5). The opening page is both a literal image and an allegory of the U.S. public school system: a â€Å"broken, gutted desk, its drawers long gone. Chairs in various states of disrepair and other junk†¦Pipes†¦taped and painted over in a pitiful attempt to contain the deadly asbestos that had insulated them for decades† (1). Baldacci pulls no punches as she describes in blood-curdling detail what amounts to a war zone from a third-world country – located in one of the richest cities in the wealthiest, more powerful nation on earth. Any true American reading through her account should feel shame, embarrassment and righteous outrage toward the self-serving, back-stabbing politicians who for thirty years have been nothing more than whores to a blood-sucking capitalist corporate machine that hates democracy, hates freedom and hates America far more than any militant Islamist – and is willing to destroy her so that CEOs and stockholders can live in lackadaisical luxury as children around them die for want of food and medical care, or kill each other over scraps .   The similarity between Baldacci’s images of her school and its South Side Chicago neighborhood and downtown Baghdad or Mogadishu are not unexpected. According to Baldacci, one-third of all new teachers quite after three years, and half quit after five (6). Others – â€Å"mavericks† – are invariably driven out.   The author displayed uncommon courage in taking the step she did, changing careers at midlife. She was not alone; many of her acquaintances made similar moves. What touches us about Baldacci was her motivation: she wanted to make a difference in a system that continues to be dismantled today by politicians who are hopelessly beholden to private, corporate interests. In becoming a teacher, she incurred a 33% reduction in pay in order to do a job that is highly stressful, thankless, and often downright dangerous. Teaching is a profession in which colleagues often will stab their fellows in the back out of jealousy; administrators act like monarchs; it is a profession in which one can be accused of wrongdoing and dismissed without ever knowing what the accusation was or being given an opportunity to de fend one’s self; simply an accusation of wrongdoing by a student – whether true or not – can destroy a career. Why did Baldacci ever decide to undertake such a job? She tells a colleague: â€Å"Because a voice called, and I answered† (53). Ultimately, Baldacci succeeds in the face of overcrowded classrooms, endless behaviour problems, a complete lack of faculty or administrative support (no surprise there) and a huge workload that would be the undoing of most mortals. After a time, she was able to reach these children, possibly because her journalism training had given her greater powers of observation, with the ability and willingness to â€Å"drill down,† and get the story behind the story. Assuming that Americans are able – or even willing – to take their country back from neo-con corporate fascists and the Christian Taliban who threaten the very foundations of our freedom, it is possible that, as resources are taken away from the parasite investor class and restored to society in order to provide for basic needs, teachers who work not from theory and a bunch of â€Å"methodology† drivel and psychobabble, but rather with their eyes, ears, hands and hearts – like Leslie Baldacci – will be instrumental in restoring the Jeffersonian Ideal – quality public education as the foundation of   a healthy, vibrant, functioning democracy.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin - Essay Example Some of praises accredited to his name include the invention of lightning rod, bifocals, and the Franklin stove. Analysis of this book determines that the source of information in it is first-hand or rather primary. This is because, the book puts across that, it is through Franklin’s own voice that makes this book worth reading, and how he describes the world in his own words. In addition to that, Franklin started writing his first autobiography portraying how fascinating Philadelphia was including his shrewd literature observations. This regarded how he viewed America’s Colonial and Revolutionary periods while residing in England in 1771 (67). Due to the prevailing circumstances, he had to stop writing but later resumed writing thirteen years later upon returning to the States. However, the work is second-hand information after different authors wrote it upon Franklin’s death. Since his work is a tale of success depicting a remarkable man, Franklin states clearl y that the reason or purpose of putting down this piece of work that took him a period of more than eighteen years was to set an exemplary life to the younger generations. He would do so by showing them how he emerged from poverty to amassing enormous wealth, power, and success. He continues to illustrate that all that he possessed came by means of immense hardship and constant diligence (118). This is the reason why his autobiography is very important to Americans as it addresses real time essential values of life. According to part of his life story, Franklin depicts another reason for writing his life history. He says that, it would be agreeable for a son, in this case his son, to get to know some of his father’s life incidents. While in quest for this purpose, he decided to accord himself whole week leisure in order to put down for his son, William. As he continues, he states that he must speak thanking God for his kind providence and happiness that he owed Him. Franklin directly engages these thoughts to his son, as he wanted William to lead happy life just like his father by striving to better his life. During composition of his work, Franklins attempt to reach a unified structure of the whole story. He argues that, the reason behind great success and power is through immense hard work and determination. Even after dividing his work into four parts, the overall goal remains intact. His work seems entirely planned even before he commenced the actual writing. The autobiography traces Franklin’s personal development from obscurity to his profound significance. It presses that the main form of attaining any goal is through hard work. Franklin’s life history is entirely a secret success message for the younger and upcoming generations, as he believed his life story would serve as an exceptional example to others. Presuppositions give contrast between the ideas and values in a book. Franklin’s autobiography offers a semi ready-made formula for gaining power and amassing wealth leading to a successful life. He portrays companionship of a real flesh and blood extraordinary man with an extraordinary mind and quality whereof his daily walkie-talkie conversation would lead us to meeting our goals and facing challenges. Franklin values hard work as the key to success. Today, hard work without work makes the difference between him and the

The current economic situation of UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The current economic situation of UK - Essay Example Morris Capital is going to face a situation in which there may be a gap between its inflows and outflows and as such its liquidity may be drained in coming periods. Based on this, it is estimated that the fund withdrawals will be 3% more than the inflows received by the firm owing to the fact that its investment strategy allow investors to start withdrawing the funds after five years. Considering this situation, the Investment Committee of Morris Capital is going to meet in March 2010 to further discuss the strategic allocation of the assets as well as outline the future course of action. This report will therefore provide an overview of the current investment environment and provide alternatives for plausible asset allocation along with the recommendations for the future course of action that may be taken. The current economic situation of UK is relatively more unstable owing to the financial meltdown that occurred during 2007. The overall situation is not considered as healthy as the estimates indicate that the UK’s economy will grow at a very sluggish rate as IMF’s forecasts indicate that the UK’s economy is its worst after 1930s. During 2009, UK’s economy experienced a growth rate of just 0.1%1 during the last quarter of 2009 indicating the overall state of the economic conditions.